A novel homozygous frameshift variant in DNAH8 causes multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella in a consanguineous Pakistani family / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Multiple morphological abnormalities of the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a severe form of asthenozoospermia categorized by immotile spermatozoa with abnormal flagella in ejaculate. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is used to detect pathogenic variants in patients with MMAF. In this study, a novel homozygous frameshift variant (c.6158_6159insT) in dynein axonemal heavy chain 8 (DNAH8) from two infertile brothers with MMAF in a consanguineous Pakistani family was identified by WES. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed DNAH8 mRNA decay in these patients with the DNAH8 mutation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and transmission electron microscopy revealed highly divergent morphology and ultrastructure of sperm flagella in these patients. Furthermore, an immunofluorescence assay showed the absence of DNAH8 and a reduction in its associated protein DNAH17 in the patients' spermatozoa. Collectively, our study expands the phenotypic spectrum of patients with DNAH8-related MMAF worldwide.

A recurrent homozygous missense mutation in CCDC103 causes asthenoteratozoospermia due to disorganized dynein arms / 亚洲男科学杂志(英文版)

Asthenoteratozoospermia is one of the most severe types of qualitative sperm defects. Most cases are due to mutations in genes encoding the components of sperm flagella, which have an ultrastructure similar to that of motile cilia. Coiled-coil domain containing 103 (CCDC103) is an outer dynein arm assembly factor, and pathogenic variants of CCDC103 cause primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD). However, whether CCDC103 pathogenic variants cause severe asthenoteratozoospermia has yet to be determined. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for two individuals with nonsyndromic asthenoteratozoospermia in a consanguineous family. A homozygous CCDC103 variant segregating recessively with an infertility phenotype was identified (ENST00000035776.2, c.461A>C, p.His154Pro). CCDC103 p.His154Pro was previously reported as a high prevalence mutation causing PCD, though the reproductive phenotype of these PCD individuals is unknown. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of affected individuals' spermatozoa showed that the mid-piece was severely damaged with disorganized dynein arms, similar to the abnormal ultrastructure of respiratory ciliary of PCD individuals with the same mutation. Thus, our findings expand the phenotype spectrum of CCDC103 p.His154Pro as a novel pathogenic gene for nonsyndromic asthenospermia.

Thiosemicarbazone and thiazolylhydrazones of 1-indanone: as a new class of nonacidic anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation agents

This research based on the anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation properties of some new thiazolyl hydrazone derivatives of 1-indanone. In this regard a thiosemicabazone and twelve thiazolyl derivatives of 1-indanone have been synthesized. Out of these synthetic compounds seven derivatives 1-3, 6, 11-13 exhibited varying degree of anti-inflammatory action with IC50 esteems going from 5.1+/-1.3 - 78.8+/-4.6µM/mL. Compound 1 [IC50 =5.1+/-1.9µM] displayed potent result than standard ibuprofen [IC50 = 11.2+/-1.9 µM]. In antiplatelet aggregation assay, five compounds 1, 5, 6, 8 and 11 were observed to be dynamic with IC50 esteems observed in the range of 38.34-255.7+/-4.1µM, whereas, aspirin [IC50 = 30.3+/-2.6 µM] was used as standard. However, compound 11 was found to be good active for both anti-inflammatory and antiplatelet aggregation activities [IC50 = 13.9+/-4.9µg/mL] [IC50 = 38.60+/-3.1µM], respectively

A Case Study of the Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder on Operational Fire Service Personnel Within the Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service

BACKGROUND: Lancashire Fire and Rescue Service (LFRS), the subject of this evaluative research document employs 1400 people. 80% of employees are operational firefighters and officers whom operate across a range of duty systems and support functions, providing prevention, protection and emergency response to the communities of Lancashire. METHODS: The overarching purpose of this epidemiological study is to assess the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) amongst operational LFRS personnel and to analyse the effects upon those who may be suffering from it, whether brought about by a single traumatic event or by repeated exposure to traumatic occurrences over a period of time. A combination of primary and secondary research was carried out. Primary data was collated using two recognised clinical questionnaires and statistical analysis was conducted with the aid of the software package SPSS. RESULTS: The findings and statistical analysis showed that out of the 100 people surveyed, 30% of respondents had signs of probable distress. Of this quota, 4% showed symptoms of PTSD. The study considers how an organisation can recognise and manage PTSD and provides recommendations to assist in better recognising and managing the associated risks. CONCLUSION: Based upon the findings, the authors conclude that the level of PTSD within LFRS is slightly lower than those found in other studies undertaken within the Fire and Rescue Service sector. The paper provides recommendations for future studies and a series of actions for consideration by LFRS senior management to improve PTSD support services for employees.

Spectroscopic and cytotoxic studies of losartan complexes

Use of drug-metal complexes for the treatment of several human diseases has resulted in significant progress in the field of medicinal inorganic chemistry. The current study describes the synthesis and characterization of Cu [II] and Ni [II] complexes of Losartan, an antihypertensive drug. These complexes were evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against four human cancer cell lines; SNB-19, HCT-15, COLO-205 and KB-3-1. Spectroscopic characterization revealed that during complex formation, the metal was bound through the nitrogen atoms of the tetrazole moiety of the losartan molecule. The molecular formulas of copper [[Cu [LS][2] Cl[2]].6H[2]O] and nickel [[Ni [LS][2]Cl[2]]. H[2]O] complexes were found to be in agreement with the analytical data obtained through elemental analysis. For both the complexes, metal to ligand ratios of 1:2 were calculated. As revealed by FTIR, UV-Visible, and 1H-NMR studies, both the complexes displayed octahedral geometries. Scanning electron microscopy [SEM] revealed marked changes in the morphology of the complexes, compared to the pure drug. From XRD studies, characteristic crystalline peaks of pure losartan were observed whereas no prominent peaks were observed for its complexes. Complexes were found to be inactive in the cytotoxic activity test performed using SNB-19, HCT-15, COLO-205 and KB-3-1 cell lines

Synthesis of drug metal complexes and their influence on human platelet aggregation

During the past few decades the emergence of inorganic medicinal chemistry has been developed novel therapeutic agents. Researcher's perseverance in this branch of chemistry has led them to explore further valuable chemical spaces by synthesizing metal complexes already known pharmacological agents for their potential use. However, it is in its early stage, this methodology has demonstrated metal complexes with better bioactivities than the parent ligand molecules. In this study, transition metal complexes of pyrazinamide [PZ], isoniazid [INH], fluconazole [FCZ], metformin [dimethylbiguanide, DMBG] and losartan potassium [LS-K] were selected to evaluate for their possible anti-platelets aggregation in the light of reports on divalent and trivalent cations like calcium, copper, manganese, magnesium, and cadmium may influence the process of thrombocytic activity and aggregation. The required evaluation was carried out on human plasma through an APACT 4004 platelet aggregation analyzer. Arachidonic acid [ADP] was used to gauge any alteration in platelet shape and aggregation process. The parent drugs showed some antiplatelets aggregation, however, their metal complexes demonstrated better efficacy

Metal complexes of isonicotinylhydrazide and their antitubercular activity

The development and spreading of Multi Drug Resistant TB strains is hampering endeavours for the control and administration of tuberculosis [TB]. The expansion episodes of multi-medication safe strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis against first and second line antituberculosis drugs on one side and the unfavourable effects of these drugs on the other side has led the enthusiasm of researcher towards the synthesis of metal complexes of various medication. This approach is born with the expectation of finding new antituberculous operators without or least reactions as well as being active against the resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This study concentrates on the screening of five metal complexes of isoniazid [INH] against five Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. These strains have been confirmed by WHO being active and even proliferating safely even in the presence of pyrazinamide, isoniazid [INH], ethambutol and rifampicin. In this work INH was taken as reference medication. All synthesized complexes and INH were subjected for a month and a half in BACTEC MGIT 960 technique. INH and its Fe [II] complex restrained the development of all bacterial strains for merely two weeks, while the Fe[III], Cu[II], Co [II] and Mn [II] complexes repressed the development five strains for three weeks. Conclusively, the strains utilized in this study were discovered to be more susceptible to the later four complexes than the ligand [INH] drug and its Fe [II] complex. Furthermore, elemental analysis and atomic absorption of all complexes were conducted for the determination of metal to ligand ratio

experience with early laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acutely inflamed gall bladder: a review of 116 cases

Objective: To see the outcome of early laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in acutely inflamed gall bladder

Study Design: A prospective interventional study

Place and Duration: Surgery unit-I of Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi from 1[st]January 2005 to 30[th] June 2009

Methodology: Patients admitted with acutely inflamed gall bladder within 72 hrs of symptoms were subjected to early laparoscopic Cholecystectomy. All operative findings, per-operative and post operative complications and follow up details were recorded meticulously on a Performa and analyzed

Results: Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy on acutely inflamed gallbladder was performed in 116 patients. Among them 70.68% patients had acute cholecystitis, 22.43% empyema gall bladder and 6.89% gangrenous gall bladder. The overall conversion to open cholecystectomy was 11.20% and it was highest [14.28%] in gangrenous GB, followed by empyema GB [7.69%]. Pus or infected fluid collection found in 6.89% patients and 1.72% had visceral injury during surgery. No mortality was observed

Conclusion: Early laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in acute gall bladder is safe and feasible option and should be considered in patients instead of interval Cholecystectomy

effectiveness of vacuum assisted wound closure [VAC] In diabetic foot

Objectives: To determine the mean healing time of vacuum assisted wound closure in diabetic foot ulcer patients

Study Design: An interventional case Series

Place and Duration: Department of General Surgery, The Royal Oldham Hospital, Oldham, U.K from 1[st] September 2012 to 30[th] March 2013

Methodology: All patients with diabetic foot ulcer of any size and duration were included in the study that fulfills inclusion criteria. Patients were subjected to VAC dressing which involved the controlled application of sub-atmospheric pressure to the local wound environment, using a sealed wound dressing connected to a vacuum pump. Patients were followed by disappearance of exudates and appearance of granulation tissue and the time of healing of wound

Results: Among 40 patients studied, 45.0% were between 41 to 50 years of age with male to female ratio was 1.6:1. The mean duration of diabetes in patients was an average of 14 +/- 5.65 years. Duration of diabetic foot was 24 +/- 6.0 and initial average wound area was 50.6 +/- 27.6cm[2]. After VAC therapy, the wound area ranged from 3.4 to 92.35 cm[2], the average area being 41.75 cm[2]. The actual reduction in wound area attained by VAC therapy varied from 3.4 to 38.6 cm[2], with an average reduction of 11.4 +/- 4.55 cm[2]. The percentage reduction in wound area ranged from 10.3% to 62.11%, with an average reduction of 27.9 +/- 13.7%. Wounds were healed after VAC therapy for an average of 21.75 +/- 10.55 [range, 14 to 40] days

Conclusion: VAC therapy is very effective and useful in the treatment of diabetic foot and ulcers and has an effective role in promotion of proliferation of granulation tissue, reduction in the wound size and healing of wound in lesser time

Association between 25-hydroxy vitamin D and volumetric breast density via a fully automated software Volpara[Trade Mark] in the reproductive age group

Objective: To determine the association between serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels and percent breast density among asymptomatic premenopausal women

Methods:Hundred asymptomatic, pre-menopausal women who visited the General Surgery Breast Clinic, Patel Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan between 3rd March and 10th November, 2015 were included in this study. The serum 25 [OH]D and calcium levels were measured and mammographic density [MD] was assessed using automated volumetric breast density software, Volpara Research [algorithm version 1.5.1, Volpara solutions Ltd, Wellington, NZ] on the same day. The volumetric breast density [VBD] was categorized as; VG1: 0% - 4.5 %; VG2: 4.6% - 7.5%; VG3: 7.6% - 15.5% and VG4 >15.5%. Mean serum 25[OH]D and calcium levels were compared across the four volumetric breast density categories. The percent volumetric density was also correlated with anthropometric measurements and other related variables

Results:No significant difference was found in mean serum 25 [OH]D level across the four groups [15.87 Vs. 12.40 Vs. 8.99 Vs. 9.68; p-value = 0.106]. The percent VBD were found significantly negatively correlated with age [r = - 0.365; p-value = 0.001], weight [r = - 0.575; p-value = 0.001], height [r = - 0.197; p-value = 0.049], and BMI [r = - 0.519; p-value = 0.001]. The serum Vitamin D, and calcium levels were not found significantly correlated with percent VBD [p-value > 0.05]

Conclusion:No significant association exists between serum 25[OH]D level and breast density

Xantho granulomatous pyelonephritis presenting as migratory polyarthritis in 40 years old female in department of medicine in services hospital Lahore

We report a case of Xantho granulomatous pyelonephritis presenting with migratory polyarthritis in a 40 years old female patient. The patient presented to us with complaint of high grade fever and large joints pain and swelling. The diagnosis was confirmed with CT-scan abdomen and histopathology of specimen. Xantho granulomatous pyelonephritis is an unusual variant of chronic pyelonephritis. Fleeting arthritis is very rare presenting complaint of the disease

Iron deficiency anemia; red cell distribution width [RDW] and red cell indices in the prediction of among healthy women in third trimester of pregnancy

To determine the importance of the RDW and other red cell indices [MCV, HBG] in the prediction of iron deficiency anemia in third trimester of pregnancy in a tertiary care hospital of Peshawar. Cross sectional study. OPD Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics Postgraduate Medical Institute, Lady reading Hospital [PGMI-LRH] Peshawar. Period 1[st] August 2012- 10[th] Dec 2012. A Total of 152 women attending the centre were included. Necessary information's were recorded on the questionnaire prepared in accordance with the objectives of the study. A total of 152 women in their third trimester presenting to Gynecology and obstetrics department of Lady reading hospital Peshawar. The age range of the patient was from 20 years to 55 years with mean age of 33 +/- 3.4 years. Out of total 27[18%] were primagravida. Majority of the cases 118[77.6%] were from Peshawar, 9% from charsadda, 8% nowshera etc. We also received 2 patients 1.2% from Afghanistan. Regarding financial status 57%[87] females were in upper Class [i.e. income >20000/month] on recall. Of total 81[53%] of the females were having hemoglobin less than 11g/dl and 22% of the women had HCT<32% which as per criteria of the WHO were anemic at the time of presentation. While 29[19%] patients had low value of MCV [microcytic]. Fifty five patients [36.2%] had RDW CV[%] more than 15% which points more towards the microcytic nature of anemia and more anisocytosis. Fifty five patients [36.2%] had RDW CV[%] more than 15% which points more towards the microcytic nature of anemia. While 29[19%] patients had low value of MCV [microcytic]. Increased RDW is best indicator for the detection of iron deficiency anemia than MCV. Increased RDW even in the presence of normal MCV can be an early signal for iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy. Hence RDW is more reliable indicator for iron deficiency especially in pregnancy. Changes in RDW in last trimester is more significant that MCV

Identification of etiological agents by LPA and PCR in childhood meningitis

Objectives: To determine the etiological agents by Latex Particle Agglutination [LPA] and Polymerase Chain Reaction [PCR] in patients admitted with Cerebrospinal Fluid [CSF] culture negative bacterial meningitis

Methods: This descriptive case series was conducted at National Institute of Child Health, Karachi from January 2010 to December 2012. Patients meeting the WHO case definition of suspected meningitis from one month to 59 months of age were included in the study. CSF examination and culture was carried out on every patient and CSF culture negative patients were enrolled. Demographic data, clinical signs and symptoms and laboratory findings were entered into the proforma. Data was analyzed using statistical package for social sciences [SPSS] version 17. P-value < 0.05 was taken as significant

Results: A total of 166 patients were included. Male were 96 and female were 76 with the male to female ratio of 1.26. The mean age of patient was +/- SD 14.6 +/- 14.5 months. The etiological agents identified by LPA were in 26/166 [15.66%] cases and the organisms were H. influenzae type b 10 cases, streptococcus pneumoniae 15 cases and meningococcus only one case respectively. The organisms identified by PCR were in 65/166 [39.15%] cases and the isolates were H. influenzae type b 16 cases, streptococcus pneumonia 48 cases and meningococcus 01 case respectively

Conclusion: LPA and PCR are superior and useful diagnostic tools in microbiology. They can be used for rapid etiological diagnosis of bacterial meningitis for the early administration of proper antibiotic

Synthesis, characterization and biological screening of 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2yl-N-[2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl]-2-sulfanyl acetamide

In the current study, a series of 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2yl-N-[2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl]-2-sulfanyl acetamide was synthesized by converting variously substituted/unsubstituted aromatic organic acids successively into the corresponding esters, hydrazides and then 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols. Finally the target compounds were obtained by stirring 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols with N-[2-methoxy-5-chlorophenyl]-2-bromoacetamide in the presence of N,N-dimethyl formamide [DMF] and sodium hydride [NaH]. The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed based on [1]H-NMR, IR and mass spectral data. The synthesized compounds were screened against acetylcholinesterase [AChE], butyrylcholinesterase [BChE] and lipoxygenase enzymes [LOX] and were found to be relatively more active against acetyl cholinesterase

Measurement of plasma fibrinogen level in healthy smokers to predict the risk of cardiovascular disease

To ascertain the association of smoking with high fibrinogen level and to necessitate the inclusion of fibrinogen level measurement in cardiovascular risk profile. cross sectional study. This study was carried out in Hematology section of Pathology Department of Government Lady Reading Hospital and Hayatabad Medical Complex Peshawar from June 2011 to December 2011. Plasma fibrinogen level was measured in 250 healthy male smokers and 250 non smokers as controls by Claus method using Coagulation analyzer Sysmex 530. All subjects were in age group between 25-55 years. Smokers were categorized into light, moderate and heavy smokers on the basis of number of cigarettes smoked per day. Comparison of plasma fibrinogen level of light, moderate and heavy smokers to the plasma fibrinogen level of non-smokers controls showed highly significant results [p-value 0.002, 0.001 and 0.001 respectively] by using t-test. Similarly comparison of plasma fibrinogen level of light to moderate, light to heavy and moderate to heavy also showed highly significant results [p-value 0.001, 0.001 and 0.002, respectively]. Smoking is the major factor rising plasma fibrinogen level in smokers and predisposes them to cardiovascular diseases. Fibrinogen level rises as the smoking intensity increases Plasma fibrinogen level assessment should be included in cardiovascular risk profile in general and in smokers in particular

Suitability of Gelucire 50/13 for controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulphate

Gelucire 50/13 [G50/13] was assessed to develop controlled release formulation of salbutamol sulphate [SBL] a highly water soluble drug by semisolid matrix filling capsule technique. Drug release profiles of SBL release by using G50/13 and its blends with other hydrophilic or hydrophobic materials were investigated. Lipid matrix formulations prepared with increasing amount of polymer showed a substantial decrease in release rate of the drug while increasing drug amount in fixed polymer concentration did not significantly affect the release profile. Polyethylene glycol 6000 caused an increased water uptake resulting in fast erosion of the matrix whereas cetostearyl alcohol and stearic acid caused retardation in drug release. These findings confirm that a considerable amount of Gelucire is required alone or in combination with hydrophobic substances in order to sustain the release profiles of water soluble drugs. More linear profile was obtained by using matrix comprising Gelucire/stearic acid blend in more than 85% that was comparable to standard, Ventolin SR tablet. The test formulation showed a significant decrease at pH 1.0 and the drug release rate increased at high stirring speed. Moreover, short term stability of controlled release test formulation indicated slight increase in dissolution rate at high temperature

Comparison of high-pressure liquid chromatography and microbiological assay for determination of ciprofloxacin tablets in human plasma employed in bioequivalence and pharmacokinetics study

Ciprofloxacin was given orally to 28 healthy male volunteers for single oral dose of 500 mg; Plasma samples were collected at different time's interval between 0 and 12 h and analyzed both by high pressure liquid chromatography and by a microbiological assay. The detection limits [LOD] were 0.02 ug/ml and 0.1 ug/ml, for both methods respectively. For each method, coefficients of variation [R[2]] were 0.9995 and 0.9918 in plasma and limit of quantitation [LOQ]. 02 and 0.5 ug/ml. The Comparison of means maximum concentration 2.68 ug/ml at 1.5 h for test and 2.43 ug/ml are attain in HPLC method of Reference at 2 hrs respectively. The plasma concentrations measured by microbiological assay of reference tablet are 3.95 microg/ml [mean +/- SE] at 1 hour and 3.80 microg/ml [mean +/- SE] at 1 h. The concentrations in plasma measured by microbiological method were markedly higher than the high-pressure liquid chromatography values which indicates the presence of antimicrobially active metabolites. The mean +/- SE values of pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by HPLC method, for total area under the curve [AUC 0-infinity] were 13.11, and 11.91 h.mg/l for both test and reference tablets respectively. The mean +/- SE values of clearance measured in l/h were 44.91 and 48.42 respectively. The elimination rate constant Kel [l/h] showed 0.17 l/h for test and 0.15 l/h reference tablets and likewise, absorption half-life expressed in hours shown 0.67 h for test and 1.04 h for reference respectively. The Mean Residence Time for test is 5.48 h and 5.49 h for reference. The mean +/- SE values of pharmacokinetic parameters [Microbiological assay] for total area under the curve [AUC 0-infinity] were 22.11 and 19.33 h.mg/l for both test and reference tablets respectively. The mean +/- SE values of clearance measured in l/h were 29.02 and 31.63 respectively. The elimination rate constant Kel [l/h] showed 0.21 l/h for test and 0.20 l/h reference tablets and likewise, absorption half-life expressed in hours shown 0.86 h for test and 0.56 h for reference respectively. The Mean Residence Time for test is 5.27 h and 4.67 h for reference. Significant difference observed between two methods

Frequency of conservatively managed traumatic acute subdural haematoma changing into chronic subdural haematoma

Traumatic brain injury represents a significant cause of mortality and permanent disability in the adult population. Acute subdural haematoma is one of the conditions most strongly associated with severe brain injury. Knowledge on the natural history of the illness and the outcome of patients conservatively managed may help the neurosurgeon in the decision-making process. We prospectively analysed 27 patients with age ranges 15-90 years, in whom a CT scan diagnosis of acute subdural haematoma was made, and in whom craniotomy for evacuation was not initially performed, to the neurosurgery department of Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad [2008-2011]. Patients with deranged bleeding profile, anticoagulant therapy, chronic liver disease, any other associated intracranial abnormalities, such as cerebral contusions, as shown on CT, were excluded from this study. All patients were followed by serial CT scans, and a neurological assessment was done. There were 18 male and 9 female patients, Cerebral atrophy was present in over half of the sample. In 22 of our patients, the acute subdural haematoma resolved spontaneously, without evidence of damage to the underlying brain, as shown by CT or neurological findings. Four patients subsequently required burr hole drainage for chronic subdural haematoma. In each of these patients, haematoma thickness was greater than 10 mm. The mean delay between injury and operation in this group was 15-21 days. Among these patients 1 patient required craniotomy for haematoma removal due to neurological deterioration. Certain conscious patients with small acute subdural haematomas, without mass effect on CT, may be safely managed conservatively, but due to high risk of these acute subdural haematoma changing into chronic subdural haematoma these patients should be reinvestigated in case of neurological deterioration.

Bioequivalence study of two oral formulations of clarithromycin in human male subjects

To assess the bioequivalence of tablets formulations of Clarithromycin 500mg each of test and reference products. A single post oral dose of each formulation was given to 14 male healthy volunteers. The study was conducted phase 1, open-label, randomized, complete two- way crossover designed with 7 days wash out period. The plasma concentration of Clarithromycin was quantified by validated microbiological assay method. The precision of the method was evaluated using calibrated 14-hydroxyClarithromycin concentration was detected semi quantitatively as equivalent of Clarithromycin /ml. The peak plasma concentrations of [3.63 +/- 0.80 ug/ml] and [-3.31 +/- 0.35 ug/ml] was attained in about 1.42 hours and 1.49 hours for both test and reference Clarithromycin tablets respectively. The mean +/- SD values for total area under the curve [AUC] were 22.07 +/- 4.90 and 20.16 +/- 2.35 h.mg/L for both test and reference tablets respectively. This study indicated that the differences in all the bioequivalence parameters for test and reference Clarithromycin formulations are statistically non-significant; hence both formulations are considered bioequivalent

Antioxidant level in normal and dialyzed patients using frap method

To examine the serum antioxidant levels like vit-C, vit-E and glutathione in patients with renal diseases who were subjected to dialysis and to evaluate the antioxidant by FRAP method. To find out the involvement of free radicals in pathogenesis of renal disease. Fifty patients with high levels of creatinine and urea level were included in the study of dialysis. A difference of antioxidant level of vit-C, vit-E and glutathione was observed. The study therefore suggests the importance of assessing these marker oxidative stress antioxidant capacities in renal disease during dialysis